Percepções de um grupo de idosos sobre os fatores de risco cardiovascular / Perceptions of the elderly about cardiovascular risk factors

Estudo exploratório, qualitativo, cujo objetivo foi conhecer as percepções de um grupo de idosos sobre fatores de risco cardiovasculares. Participaram 100 idosos de ambos os sexos, da cidade de Cruz Alta – RS, em 2009. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista semiestruturada. A partir da análise temática foram construídas três categorias: Desconhecimento de doenças (diabetes mellitus e hipertensão) como fatores de riscos cardiovasculares; Segurança na terapia medicamentosa para diminuir os fatores de risco; Hábitos alimentares e estilos de vida saudáveis. Com base nos resultados, sugere-se priorizar o desenvolvimento de um processo de educação em saúde multidisciplinar direcionado às especificidades dos idosos com intuito de reduzir os fatores de risco cardiovasculares e qualificar o viver destes idosos.

Aptidão cardiorrespiratória de uma amostra regional brasileira distribuída em diferentes tabelas / Cardiorespiratory fitness of a Brazilian regional sample distributed in different tables

FUNDAMENTO: A maioria das tabelas de classificação da Aptidão Cardiorrespiratória (ACR) utilizadas na prática clínica é internacional e não foi validada para a população brasileira, podendo resultar em discrepâncias importantes, uma vez que essa classificação é extrapolada para a nossa população. Objetivo: Avaliar as principais tabelas de ACR disponíveis em uma amostra populacional brasileira do Planalto Médio do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). MÉTODOS: Foram analisados dados retrospectivos de 2.930 indivíduos, residentes em 36 cidades do Planalto Central do RS. Levaram-se em consideração presença dos fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular e valores estimados do consumo de oxigênio de pico (VO2pico), obtidos por meio de teste de esforço com protocolo de Bruce. Para classificar a ACR, os sujeitos foram distribuídos de acordo com o sexo e inseridos nas respectivas faixas etárias das tabelas de Cooper, American Heart Association (AHA) e da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), e classificados conforme seu VO2pico. RESULTADOS: A amostra feminina apresentou valores mais baixos de VO2pico do que a masculina (23,5 ± 8,5 vs. 31,7 ± 10,8 mL.kg-1.min-1, p < 0,001), e o VO2pico apresentou correlação inversa e moderada com a idade considerando-se ambos os sexos (R = -0,48, p < 0,001). Foi observada importante discrepância entre os níveis de classificação da ACR entre as tabelas, que variaram de 49% (COOPERxAHA) até 75% (UNIFESPxAHA). CONCLUSÃO: Nossos achados indicam discrepâncias importantes na classificação da ACR proveniente das tabelas avaliadas. Estudos futuros poderiam investigar se a utilização das tabelas internacionais são aplicáveis à população brasileira e às populações de diferentes regiões do Brasil.

BACKGROUND: Most classification tables of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) used in clinical practice are international and have not been validated for the Brazilian population. That can result in important discrepancies when that classification is extrapolated to our population. OBJECTIVE: To assess the use of major CRF tables available in a Brazilian population sample of the Central High Plan of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS). METHODS: This study assessed the retrospective data of 2,930 individuals, living in 36 cities of the Central High Plan of the state of RS, and considered the following: presence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and estimated maximum oxygen consumption (VO2peak) values obtained through exercise test with Bruce protocol. To classify CRF, the individuals were distributed according to sex, inserted in their respective age groups in the Cooper, American Heart Association (AHA) and Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp) tables, and classified according to their VO2peak. RESULTS: Women had lower VO2peak values as compared with those of men (23.5 ± 8.5 vs. 31.7 ± 10.8 mL.kg-1.min-1, p < 0.001). Considering both sexes, VO2peak showed an inverse and moderate correlation with age (R = -0.48, p < 0.001). An important discrepancy in the CRF classification levels was observed between the tables, ranging from 49% (Cooper x AHA) to 75% (Unifesp x AHA). CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate important discrepancy in the CRF classification levels of the tables assessed. Future studies could assess whether international tables could be used for the Brazilian population and populations of different regions of Brazil.

Cardiorespiratory fitness of a Brazilian regional sample distributed in different tables.

BACKGROUND: Most classification tables of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) used in clinical practice are international and have not been validated for the Brazilian population. That can result in important discrepancies when that classification is extrapolated to our population. OBJECTIVE: To assess the use of major CRF tables available in a Brazilian population sample of the Central High Plan of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS). METHODS: This study assessed the retrospective data of 2,930 individuals, living in 36 cities of the Central High Plan of the state of RS, and considered the following: presence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and estimated maximum oxygen consumption (VO2peak) values obtained through exercise test with Bruce protocol. To classify CRF, the individuals were distributed according to sex, inserted in their respective age groups in the Cooper, American Heart Association (AHA) and Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp) tables, and classified according to their VO2peak. RESULTS: Women had lower VO2peak values as compared with those of men (23.5 ± 8.5 vs. 31.7 ± 10.8 mL.kg-1.min-1, p < 0.001). Considering both sexes, VO2peak showed an inverse and moderate correlation with age (R = -0.48, p < 0.001). An important discrepancy in the CRF classification levels was observed between the tables, ranging from 49% (Cooper x AHA) to 75% (Unifesp x AHA). CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate important discrepancy in the CRF classification levels of the tables assessed. Future studies could assess whether international tables could be used for the Brazilian population and populations of different regions of Brazil.

Avaliação do conhecimento e da presença de fatores de risco cardiovascular em idosos de município do sul do Brasil / Evaluation of knowledge and presence of cardiovascular risk factors among elderly patients in a town in Southern Brazil

Fundamentos: Estudos indicam que os fatores de risco cardiovascular (FR) são conhecidos e prevalentes em idosos. Objetivos: Avaliar o conhecimento e a presença de FR em idoso. Métodos: Em amostra de 313 idosos (55,6 por cento mulheres, 69,8 por cento + ou - 6,6 anos), avaliou-se o conhecimento dos FR, utilizando-se um questionário estruturado, seguindo-se a avaliação dos FR, hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), dados antropométricos e laboratoriais. Resultados: Os idosos conheceram o seguinte FR: HAS em 95,2 por cento; hipercolesterolemia (HCT) em 95,5 por cento; DM em 97,7 por cento; hipertrigliceridemia (HTG) em 91,7 por cento; consumo de álcool e 97,4 por cento; e tabagismo em 99,7 por cento. A presença de FR encontrada nos idosos foi: HAS em 56,9 por cento, HCT em 29,2 por cento, DM em 11,5 por cento, HTG em 16,6 por cento, tabagismo em 11,5 por cento, sedentarismo em 63,6 por cento, e estresse em 49,8 por cento. Conclusões: A maioria dos idosos mostrou conhecer os malefícios dos FR para a saúde, no entanto, muitos indivíduos não sabiam se eram portadores dos principais FR.

Background: Studies indicate that cardiovascular risk factors (CRF) are known and prevalent among the elderly. Objective: To assess knowledge and presence of cardiovascular risk factors among the elderly. Methods: In a sample of 313 elderly people (55.6% women, 69.8 ± 6.6 years), we examined the knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors through a structured questionnaire, followed by an assessment of these riskfactors, including hypertension (HBP), anthropometric data and laboratory data.Results: The percentages of elderly people who knew about CRF were : hypertension 95.2 %, hypercholesterolemia (HCT) 95.5%, DM 97.7%, hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) 91.7%, alcohol consumption 97.4% and smoking 99.7%. The presence of cardiovascular risk factors among them was: hypertension 56.9%, HCT 29.2%, DM 11.5%, HTG 16.6%, smoking 11.5%, sedentary lifestyles 63.6%, and stress 49.8%. Conclusions: Although most elderly people were aware of RF threatening their health, many of them did not know if they were carriers of the main RF.

Redução dos níveis pressóricos em indivíduos hiper-reativos após treinamento físico aeróbio / Blood pressure reduction in hyper-reactive individuals after aerobic exercise

FUNDAMENTO: Alguns indivíduos normotensos sedentários têm aumento exagerado da pressão arterial (PA) durante a atividade física, comportamento esse chamado hiper-reatividade pressórica (HP). OBJETIVO: Verificar o efeito de um programa de exercício físico (PEF) aeróbio sobre a pressão arterial de indivíduos com hiper-reatividade pressórica. MÉTODOS: Dez homens voluntários com HP, 45 ± 10 anos, chamados grupo experimental (GE), foram submetidos a um PEF em esteira, 3x/semana, durante dois meses, comparados a 14 homens com HP, 48 ± 8 anos, chamados grupo controle (GC), que se mantiveram sedentários. Os indivíduos foram avaliados antes e depois do PEF por teste de esforço para fins comparativos. Foram avaliadas as pressões arteriais sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD) e as frequências cardíacas (FC) inicial, de pico e final de teste. RESULTADOS: Houve importante diminuição da PAS inicial (-5 por cento; p=0,01), da PAD inicial (-4,6 por cento; p=0,01), da PAS de pico (-12,4 por cento; p=0,001), da PAD de pico (-14,7 por cento; p=0,03), e da PAS final (-4,6 por cento; p=0,03) no GE. O GC permaneceu com comportamento hiper-reativo, tendo evoluído com níveis mais exagerados quando comparados pré e pós-estudo (p < 0,04). Na FC, somente a final apresentou aumento de 11,3 bpm após treinamento (p=0,02). O VO2pico do teste aumentou 4,4 ml.kg-1.min-1 no GE (p=0,01) e manteve-se semelhante no GC. CONCLUSÃO: O PEF normalizou o comportamento da hiper-reatividade pressórica em homens sedentários.

BACKGROUND: Some normotensive sedentary individuals have an exaggerated increase in blood pressure (BP) during physical activity, which is a behavior that is called blood pressure hyper-reactivity. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of an aerobic exercise program (AEP) on blood pressure in individuals with blood pressure hyper-reactivity (BPH). METHODS: Ten male volunteers with BPH, aged 45 ± 10 years, referred to as the experimental group (EG), took part in an AEP on a treadmill, 3 times a week for two months. They were compared to 14 men with BPH, aged 48 ± 8 years, referred to as the control group (CG), who remained sedentary. The subjects were evaluated before and after the AEP by stress test for comparison purposes. We evaluated the initial, peak and test-end heart rates (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). RESULTS: There a significant decrease in the initial SBP (-5 percent; p=0.01), initial DBP (-4.6 percent; p=0.01), peak SBP (-12.4 percent; p=0.001), peak DBP (-14.7 percent; p=0.03), final SBP (-4.6 percent, p=0.03) in the EG. The CG continued with its hyper-reactive behavior, which evolved to more exaggerated levels when the results before and after the study were compared (p<0.04). In the HR, there was an increase only in the final HR, of 11.3 bpm, after training (p=0.02). The test-peak VO2 increased by 4.4 ml.kg-1 .min-1 in the EG (p=0.01) and remained similar in the CG. CONCLUSION: The AEP normalized the behavior of the blood pressure hyper-reactivity in sedentary men. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010; [online]. ahead print, PP.0-0).

Blood pressure reduction in hyper-reactive individuals after aerobic exercise.

BACKGROUND: Some normotensive sedentary individuals have an exaggerated increase in blood pressure (BP) during physical activity, which is a behavior that is called blood pressure hyper-reactivity. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of an aerobic exercise program (AEP) on blood pressure in individuals with blood pressure hyper-reactivity (BPH). METHODS: Ten male volunteers with BPH, aged 45 ± 10 years, referred to as the experimental group (EG), took part in an AEP on a treadmill, 3 times a week for two months. They were compared to 14 men with BPH, aged 48 ± 8 years, referred to as the control group (CG), who remained sedentary. The subjects were evaluated before and after the AEP by stress test for comparison purposes. We evaluated the initial, peak and test-end heart rates (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). RESULTS: There a significant decrease in the initial SBP (-5%; p=0.01), initial DBP (-4.6%; p=0.01), peak SBP (-12.4%; p=0.001), peak DBP (-14.7%; p=0.03), final SBP (-4.6%, p=0.03) in the EG. The CG continued with its hyper-reactive behavior, which evolved to more exaggerated levels when the results before and after the study were compared (p<0.04). In the HR, there was an increase only in the final HR, of 11.3 bpm, after training (p=0.02). The test-peak VO2 increased by 4.4 ml.kg(-1) x min(-1) in the EG (p=0.01) and remained similar in the CG. CONCLUSION: The AEP normalized the behavior of the blood pressure hyper-reactivity in sedentary men.

Ausência de influência da massa corporal na redução da pressão arterial após exercício físico / Lack of influence of body mass on blood pressure reduction after exercising

FUNDAMENTO: A hipertensão arterial (HA) é associada com um grande número de comorbidades, dentre elas, a obesidade. A correlação entre essas duas variáveis tem sido alvo de investigação. OBJETIVO: Analisar a correlação entre a perda de massa corporal e redução pressórica em hipertensos submetidos a programa de exercícios físicos (PEF). MÉTODOS: Cento e onze hipertensos com sobrepeso ou obesidade, divididos aleatoriamente em um grupo experimental (GE), com 57 (58 ± 8,9 anos) que participaram de um PEF de três meses, três vezes por semana, em sessões de exercício aeróbio de 50 por cento a 70 por cento do VO2pico, por 30 a 60 minutos, além de exercícios resistidos; e um grupo controle (GC), com 54 (60 ± 7,7 anos) que não participaram do PEF. No GE, a pressão arterial (PA) foi aferida antes de cada sessão e a mensuração das variáveis antropométricas (VA) no início do programa e após três meses. No GC a PA e as VA foram avaliadas em consultório médico no início e fim do estudo. Os dados foram expressos por média ± desvio padrão (DP), usou-se teste t e correlação de Pearson. Considerou-se significativo p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: No GC não ocorreu diferença significativa nas VA e PA no início e fim do estudo. No GE não ocorreu alteração significativa nas VA, no entanto, a redução pressórica de 12 por cento na PA Sistólica (-17,5 mmHg; p = 0,001) e de 9 por cento na PA Diastólica (-8,1 mmHg; p = 0,01) ao final do estudo. Não houve correlação entre as VA e queda da PA (r = 0,1). CONCLUSÃO: A redução pressórica não se correlacionou com redução das medidas antropométricas após período de exercício físico.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension (H) is associated with a large number of co-morbidities, including obesity. The correlation between two variables has been investigated. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the correlation between the loss of body mass and blood pressure reduction in hypertensive patients undergoing exercising programs (EP). METHODS: One hundred eleven hypertensive patients with overweight or obesity were randomly divided into an experimental group (EG). Out of these, 57 (58 ± 8.9 years old) participated in a three-month EP conducted three times a week in aerobic exercise sessions from 50 percent to 70 percent of VO2 peak for 30 to 60 minutes and resistance exercises; and a control group (CG) with 54 (60 ± 7.7 years old) who did not participate in the EP. In the EG, blood pressure (BP) was measured before each session and the measurement of anthropometric variables (AV) at the beginning of the program and after three months. In the CG the BP and the VA were evaluated in the doctor's office at the beginning and at the end of the study. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Pearson correlation and t test were used. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: In the CG there was no significant difference in AV and BP at the beginning and at the end of the study. In the EG, there was no significant alteration in the AV, however, there was blood pressure reduction of 12 percent in systolic BP (-17.5 mmHg, p = 0.001) and 9 percent in Diastolic BP (-8.1 mmHg, p = 0. 01) at the end of the study. There was no correlation between the AV and decrease in BP (r = 0.1). CONCLUSION: The blood pressure reduction was not correlated with reduction of anthropometric measures after the exercising period.

[Lack of influence of body mass on blood pressure reduction after exercising]. / Ausência de influência da massa corporal na redução da pressão arterial após exercício físico.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension (H) is associated with a large number of co-morbidities, including obesity. The correlation between two variables has been investigated. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the correlation between the loss of body mass and blood pressure reduction in hypertensive patients undergoing exercising programs (EP). METHODS: One hundred eleven hypertensive patients with overweight or obesity were randomly divided into an experimental group (EG). Out of these, 57 (58 +/- 8.9 years old) participated in a three-month EP conducted three times a week in aerobic exercise sessions from 50% to 70% of VO2 peak for 30 to 60 minutes and resistance exercises; and a control group (CG) with 54 (60 +/- 7.7 years old) who did not participate in the EP. In the EG, blood pressure (BP) was measured before each session and the measurement of anthropometric variables (AV) at the beginning of the program and after three months. In the CG the BP and the VA were evaluated in the doctor's office at the beginning and at the end of the study. Data were expressed as mean +/- standard deviation (SD). Pearson correlation and t test were used. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: In the CG there was no significant difference in AV and BP at the beginning and at the end of the study. In the EG, there was no significant alteration in the AV, however, there was blood pressure reduction of 12% in systolic BP (-17.5 mmHg, p = 0.001) and 9% in Diastolic BP (-8.1 mmHg, p = 0. 01) at the end of the study. There was no correlation between the AV and decrease in BP (r = 0.1). CONCLUSION: The blood pressure reduction was not correlated with reduction of anthropometric measures after the exercising period.

Dose-response curve to exercise in hypertensive individuals: analysis of the number of sessions to the hypotensive effect.

BACKGROUND: The effect of exercise on blood pressure (BP) is already known; however, the dose-response curve of the hypotensive effect of exercise in hypertensive individuals is yet to be clarified. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the dose-response curve of the number of sessions that are necessary to cause a hypotensive effect in hypertensive individuals. METHODS: 88 individuals, aged 58 +/- 11 years, divided in Experimental group (EG), with 48 that participated in a physical exercise program (PEP), which consisted of 40 minutes of aerobic exercises performed 3x/week, for 3 months, at 70% of the VO2max, and muscular exercises at 40% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and Control Group (CG) with 40 individuals that did not participate in the PEP. The systolic (SAP) and diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures were measured before each of the 36 sessions in the EG and assessed by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in the CG. Differences in BP, the variation rate (D%) and the maximum hypotensive effect (MHE%) were observed between sessions. The data were expressed as means +/- SD; the t test and correlation were used, with p<0.05 being considered significant. RESULTS: There was no difference regarding BP values in the CG. The EG showed an important decrease of 15 mmHg in SAP and 7 mmHg in DAP, with a large part of this effect occurring as early as the first session and the majority up to the 5th session. There was a strong inverse correlation (R:-0.66) with the number of sessions. CONCLUSION: An important hypotensive effect was observed from the 1st session on and it was observed that the dose-response curve can be abrupt and decrescent, instead of flat.

Curva dose-resposta do exercício em hipertensos: análise do número de sessões para efeito hipotensor / Dose-response curve to exercise in hypertensive individuals: analysis of the number of sessions to the hypotensive effect / Curva dosis-respuesta del ejercicio en hipertensos: análisis del número de sesiones para efecto hipotensor

Fundamento: O efeito do exercício na pressão arterial já é conhecido, entretanto a curva dose-resposta do efeito hipotensor do exercício em hipertensos ainda não está clara. Objetivo: Avaliar a curva dose-resposta do número de sessões necessárias para causar efeito hipotensor em indivíduos hipertensos. Métodos: Participaram deste estudo 88 indivíduos, com 58 ± 11 anos, divididos em grupo experimental (GE) – composto de 48 integrantes de um programa de exercício físico (PEF) de 3 meses, 3 vezes por semana, com 40’ de exercício aeróbio a 70% do VO2máx e exercícios musculares a 40% da CVM – e grupo-controle (GC) – 40 indivíduos que não realizaram PEF. As pressões arteriais sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD) foram mensuradas antes de cada uma das 36 sessões no GE e avaliadas por MAPA no GC. Observaram-se as diferenças na PA, o índice de variação (D%) e o efeito hipotensor máximo (EHM%) entre as sessões. Os dados foram expressos por M ± DP, e usou-se teste t e correlação, considerando p < 0,05 significativo.Resultados: No GC não houve diferença nos valores pressóricos. No GE, após o PEF, ocorreu uma queda importante de 15 mmHg na PAS e de 7 mmHg na PAD, e uma grande parte desse efeito ocorreu já na primeira sessão, e a maior parte até a quinta. Houve uma forte correlação inversa (R: -0,66) com o número de sessões. Conclusão: Na primeira sessão, já ocorreu efeito hipotensor importante, e observou-se que a curva dose-resposta pode ser abrupta e decrescente em vez de achatada.

Background: The effect of exercise on blood pressure (BP) is already known; however, the dose-response curve of the hypotensive effect of exercise in hypertensive individuals is yet to be clarified. Objective: To evaluate the dose-response curve of the number of sessions that are necessary to cause a hypotensive effect in hypertensive individuals. Methods: 88 individuals, aged 58 ± 11 years, divided in Experimental group (EG), with 48 that participated in a physical exercise program (PEP), which consisted of 40 minutes of aerobic exercises performed 3x/week, for 3 months, at 70% of the VO2max, and muscular exercises at 40% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and Control Group (CG) with 40 individuals that did not participate in the PEP. The systolic (SAP) and diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures were measured before each of the 36 sessions in the EG and assessed by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in the CG. Differences in BP, the variation rate (D%) and the maximum hypotensive effect (MHE%) were observed between sessions. The data were expressed as means ± SD; the t test and correlation were used, with p<0.05 being considered significant. Results: There was no difference regarding BP values in the CG. The EG showed an important decrease of 15 mmHg in SAP and 7 mmHg in DAP, with a large part of this effect occurring as early as the first session and the majority up to the 5th session. There was a strong inverse correlation (R:-0.66) with the number of sessions. Conclusion: An important hypotensive effect was observed from the 1st session on and it was observed that the dose-response curve can be abrupt and decrescent, instead of flat.

Fundamento: Ya se conoce el efecto del ejercicio en la presión arterial, sin embargo, la curva dosis-respuesta del efecto hipotensor del ejercicio en hipertensos no está aclarada aún. Objetivo: Evaluar la curva dosis-respuesta del número de sesiones necesarias para causar efecto hipotensor en individuos hipertensos.Métodos: El estudio estaba conformado por 88 individuos, con 58 ± 11 años, divididos en grupo experimental (GE) –conformado por 48 integrantes de un programa de ejercicio físico (PEF) de tres meses, tres veces por semana, con 40’ de ejercicio aerobio al 70% del VO2máx y ejercicios musculares al 40% de la capacidad voluntaria máxima (CVM); y grupo-control (GC) con 40 individuos que no realizaron el PEF. Se midieron las presiones arteriales sistólica (PAS) y diastólica (PAD) del GE antes de cada una de las 36 sesiones y en el GC se las evaluaron por monitoreo ambulatorio de presión arterial (MAPA). Se observaron las diferencias en la PA, el índice de variación (D%) y el efecto hipotensor máximo (EHM%) entre las sesiones. Los datos estaban expresados por promedio ± desviación estándar, y se utilizó la prueba t y correlación, tomando p < 0,05 como valor significativo. Resultados: En el GC no hubo diferencia en los valores de presión arterial. En el GE, luego del PEF, ocurrió un descenso importante de 15 mmHg en la PAS y de 7 mmHg en la PAD; y una gran parte de ese efecto tuvo lugar ya en la primera sesión, y la mayor parte sucedió hasta la quinta sesión. Hubo una fuerte correlación inversa (R: -0,66) con el número de sesiones. Conclusión: En la primera sesión, ya ocurrió efecto hipotensor importante. También se evidenció que la curva dosis-respuesta pode ser abrupta y decreciente en lugar de achatada.